Stages of Conflict Management Essay Example for Free

Stages of Conflict Management Essay In the contemporary workplace, communication plays an important role in an efficient administration since it encourages co-operation, knowledge sharing, and a feeling of a sense of a common purpose. Nonetheless, communication brings increasing interpersonal relationships, an unwanted and, in most cases, unmanaged side effects, which are referred to as conflicts. Managing conflict focuses on maintaining conflict at the right level in order to assist the organizational departments, teams or groups working together to reach their goals. Managing conflict does not imply completely eradicating conflict or conflict reduction (Miller, 2011). The fundamental process of conflict management is the selection of the aspired levels of conflicts. These aspired levels of conflicts vary widely and depend on the perceived conflict requirements by the managers of various personnel (Miller, 2011). The stages of conflict management include diagnosis of the problem, problem statement, knowing both parties perceptions or viewpoints/understanding, mediation, brainstorming of alternative solutions, and identification of (an) agreed on solution(s) (Rout Omiko, 2007). These stages of conflict management are briefly described below. Diagnosis of the Problem In this stage of conflict management, the mediator listens to both parties who are involved in conflict with the intention of understanding and determining the existence of a genuine conflict, and not just an imagined one (Rout Omiko, 2007). Problem Statement After recognizing that actually the problem really exists, the mediator now attempts to represent the problem to both parties involved in a non-defensive and direct manner. In other words, in this stage the mediator ensures that parties involved in the conflict actually understand the problem. Besides, the second stage is meant to ensure that the mediator evaluates and sees the level of understanding of both parties in regard to the presence of the conflict, and the level of motivation to engage in conflict resolution (Rout Omiko, 2007). Knowing both Parties Perceptions or Viewpoints/understanding This stage is where the mediator attempts to find what the parties involved think in regard to the problem at hand. The mediators should go through this stage carefully so as not to depict any slightest form of favoritism. This involve attempting to understand the problem from various perspectives of those parties, and the mediator should probe to find out what the parties think as the cause of the problem, noting similarities and differences of viewpoints of the problem (Pammer, 2003). Mediation Mediation requires the mediator to remain impartial by keeping the discussion revolve around facts and issue-oriented rather than discussing personalities and maintaining a balance in the discussion so that one party does not dominate the discussion (Rout Omiko, 2007). Brainstorming of Alternative Solutions This stage involves generating of alternative solutions to the problem at hand after it is obvious that there are no more alternative solutions, the mediator should now engage both parties in a discussion of these possible solutions with the aim of getting of selecting the best solution (Zartman, 2008). In this discussion, the mediators should control the session so that none of the parties forces the other on agreeing with their own suggested solution(s). Efforts should be made to ensure that both parties reach a consensus and then follow this with the implementation of the agreed solution (Rout Omiko, 2007). Identification of an agreed on solution(s) This is the final stage of conflict management, and its main purpose is to determine the agreed on solutions, a plan of action, as well as follow-up steps in order to ensure that both parties are actively involved in the implementation process (Rout Omiko, 2007).?

Sheilas Comment Explaining the Action of the Play :: Sheila An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestley Essays

Sheila's Comment Explaining the Action of the Play "Well he inspected us all righ Between us we drove that girl To commit suicide" This sentence is very important to the story because Sheila realises that the inspector is not a real inspector but he has inspected them and they lost against him and it was them, each member of the family who contributed to Eva Smiths death. We will learn in this essay how each family member is a contributor to the death of an innocent person, Eva Smith and also how the inspector inspects the family using his power not physically but verbally and how he does the inspection. We learnt about how each person from the Birling's family effects Eva Smith even a good person like Gerald and a bad person like Mr Birling so it is necessary to explain how each character acts towards Eva Smith. Combined with this we learn from the story that an inspector with the name of Goole comes to inspect them all. The first person that strikes on Eva Smith is Mr Birling. Mr Birling is a very rich person. He has a prosperous business but is shown to be extremely greedy and very ironic. His extreme greediness concludes to Eva Smith loosing her job, which was the first hit on Eva Smith. Eva Smith is a very hardworking woman who works for Mr Birling in his factory. She is getting very fed up due to the low wage he pays and which she cannot survive on. She and the other ringleaders are planning on to go on strike after there holidays. Eva Smith after the holidays goes and asks Mr Birling for an increase to 26 Shillings a week which he refuses saying, "I could not consider it" and then sacks her is pretty sad and very evil of him to do that. It also shows me the time of period where women were protesting for their rights and independence and women also died for their rights. So first contributor to Eva Smith's death his Mr Birling because he throws her out of her job because he did not want to give her the increase. You will also learn of his bad and evil personality as the essay proceeds. As I have said before he is very ironic. Before the inspector comes in to inspect them they are having a party because Mr Birling's daughter is engaged to Gerald. Here Mr Birling is telling his son Eric and his future son in law how life is and what is going to happen. His son Eric is talking about a possible war.

Globalization and Everyday Life Essay

Globalization and Everyday Life Geographic boarders of nation states become less relevant as beliefs, traditions, and customs permeate and are accepted, practiced, and implemented across various societies and cultural arenas. Globalism deals with issues on a geopolitical scope and scale, in which the influence of one culture effects, directly or indirectly, affects the dynamic of other cultures or societies. The evolution of communication and travel has brought down the logistical barriers, once imposed by these forms of communication. Globalizations effects give our collective existence a new perspective and sheds light on both the positive and negative implications of individual and collective actions. Sociologists and governments can no longer ignore smaller or what they deemed to be insignificant components in the framework of globalization. A prime example, as illustrated in the text, is the international trade and commerce. If we Americans analyzed everything we own or buy, we would probably realize that >50 percent of these material goods are produced in other areas of the world. Globalization and Mass Media Everyone’s life is influenced by everyone else. Globalization of mass media has had a dramatic influence on in many cultures. One need not visit or live in a certain part of the world to emulate or adopt styles, behaviors, or traditions of another culture. The stronger the global ties becomes between various cultures the more interdependent they become. Commodities and Globalization The first example covered in the text, with regards to globalization, is coffee production and consumption. We as Americans consume 1/5 of the world’s production of coffee. Coffee is the centerpiece of many social settings and gatherings. It is incorporated into our daily activities as commonly as we brush our teeth in the morning. This commodity is usually produced in some of the poorest countries in the world. The people of these countries can be directly dependent on the benefits derived from the sale of  the coffee bean. If we as Americans decided to drink more water and less coffee we could directly impact the livelihoods of thousands of people. The small example elucidates the dramatic potential effects of globalization. Globalization and Entertainment The cross cultural availability of music, movies, books, and other forms of entertainment has had dramatic effects on many societies and cultures. Artists from different countries can collaborate through many means of communications; internet, satellite feeds, etc. to produce music that has an international blend or flair. This new music can influence moods and behaviors. Stimulation from sales can effectively change an individual’s financial situation, which could change their whole social dynamic. Globalism and International Tourism and Travel Many years ago the majority of people traveled of necessity and not recreation, because of the related expense, hassle, and danger involved. With the modernization of travel people can virtually come and go as they please. Traveling brings about the socialization and societal interaction. Friendships, business, and familial alliances can be the result. This facet of globalization can have dramatic economic influences, which can change people’s lives dramatically. Travel brings people together. The after-result of these encounters can be either positive or negative. Either way, globalization provides the medium for such changes. And the experiences can enrich a person and bring cultural awareness to the forefront. Globalization and Drug Trafficking The influences and availability of illicit drugs has been impacted by globalization. The untoward said effects of such activities are witnessed every day. Millions of dollars are spent and made, both in trying to prevent and in the sale of illegal drugs. The social costs can be equally as high. Murder, robbery, assault, and a death, can be direct or indirect consequences of such actions. These problems affect not only the people  directly involved, but also affect people indirectly. If the crime in one area necessitates an increased police presence, my city taxes may go up. If my costs go up I have less to spend on things for myself, such as new shoes. The people that depend on me to buy new shoes feel the secondary economic impact of this scenario. This small process, when magnified on a grander scale, can affect thousands of people across the globe. Throughout the text additional topics are discussed concerning and globalization and everyday life. The women’s movement, immigration, democracy, deindustrialization, and education, just a list of few, are some of the themes discussed. All of these factors play key roles in the evolution of globalization. Each helps to create changes in social interactions between individuals and entire societies. The positive and untoward effects of globalization will forever change the way in which we act and react to changes that occur in our lives as we continue to exist on a planet that is in a constant state of social flux.

Theory And Practice Of Group Counseling - 1216 Words

Theory and Practice of Group Counseling provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the process, issues and interventions for working with, in and studying groups. It outlines the basic elements of the group process, addresses ethical and professional issues specific to group work and looks at different concepts and techniques governing eleven approaches to group counseling. The approaches addressed are; Psychoanalytical, Adlerian, Psychodrama, Existential. Person- Centered, Gestalt therapy, Transactional, Rational Emotive behavior, Cognitive behavioral, Reality therapy and Solution-focused brief therapy each of which is covered in a different chapter. Each chapter is supplemented with an Author lectures section at the end which provides information on DVD and online resources available from the author. The book is concluded with integration and application section as the author aims to assist readers in understanding the connection between theory and practice within group coun seling. Author’s Background and Credentials: Gerald Corey received his doctorate from University of Southern California, is a Professor Emeritus of Human Services and Counseling at California State University, a Diplomat in Counseling Psychology, American Board of Professional Psychology, a licensed psychologist, National certified counselor, and a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association and the Association for Specialist in Group work (p vii).Show MoreRelatedThe Father Of Person Centered Therapy And Humanistic Psychology1420 Words   |  6 Pages Carl Rogers is widely known as the father of person-centered therapy and humanistic psychology. He quietly revolutionized counseling theory and practice with his basic assumptions that â€Å"people are essentially trustworthy, that they have a vast potential for understanding themselves and resolving their own problems without direct intervention on the therapist’s part, and that they are capable of self-directed growth if they are i nvolved in a specific kind of therapeutic relationship†. Rogers wasRead MoreStudent Name : Ira R. Roach1423 Words   |  6 PagesR. Roach Setting/Your Role: Terros is located in Mesa, Arizona which provides individual and group counseling for clients seeking substance use, mental health services and those individuals with co-occurring symptoms. Clients may be mandated to comply with adult probation will complete twelve weeks of intensive group therapy (IOP) four days a week for two hours a day. By the end of the group counseling, clients will have learned new coping skills by utilizing new healthy alternative mechanismsRead MoreHow Counseling Is Impacted The Well Being Of Cultural Diverse Populations By Increasing Growth1099 Words   |  5 PagesCounseling has impacted the well-being of cultural diverse populations by increasing growth in ethnical and minority groups. Cultural diverse has influence counselors to work together as one, empower skills to meet the challenges and demands of diverse client groups (Hays, 2016). Counselors utilize interventions focused on client’s needs to assess cultural concerns. These techniques es tablish the significant collaboration of the counsel/ client relationship, promote clients awareness to their limitationsRead MoreCharacteristics of Effective Counseling654 Words   |  3 Pagessomeones ability to be an effective individual and group counselor? Clearly, compassion, caring, and genuine concern are all prerequisites for effective counseling. Yet there are also specific subsets of characteristics, traits, attitudes, beliefs, values, behaviors, and experiences that help a counselor become more effective for their clients. These characteristics differ according to whether the counselor operates in primarily an individual or group setting. Moreover, the counselors theoreticalRead MoreNutrition Counseling Practices And Psychological Counseling1294 Words   |  6 PagesNutrition counseling is a combination of nutrition science expertise and psychological counseling skill (Snetselaar, 2009). Current nutrition counseling practices have expanded from an initial, brief hospital encounter that provides education into a more in-depth counseling discovery of dietary changes related to an individual’s personal situation and emotions through links of nutrition science, psychology and physiology. â€Å"Clients approach nutrition cou nseling sessions with mindsets about themselvesRead MoreIntegrated Approach For Counseling And Counseling1653 Words   |  7 PagesIntegrated approach to counseling is when you combined theories to cover the clients’ feelings, cognitive patterns, and behavior (Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Pschotherapy 8e, 2009). Each theory focuses one of these key components of a client but in counseling you need to focus on each of these to fully help a client. The key to integrative counseling is to have multiple theories function in harmony (Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Pschotherapy 8e, 2009). PsychotherapyRead MoreTheory Of Group Counseling Paper1438 Words   |  6 Pages Theory of Group Counseling Paper Alex Dossett CHRD 766; Group Counseling South Dakota State University Describe how your experience of the leading, participating in, or observing groups have informed or influenced you regarding your own group leadership skills, leadership style, and perception about groups; Describe your perspectives about the functions of a therapeutic group in assisting client changes; Discuss the elements or factors contributing to the development of the group, and changesRead MoreThe Comprehensive School Counseling Program1664 Words   |  7 PagesThe Comprehensive School Counseling Program Notebook which follows the ASCA National Model third edition was created in School Counseling Programs. This notebook is divided into four components as directed by the comprehensive school counseling program: foundation, delivery, management, and accountability. The Foundation section includes my core beliefs, my vision, my mission, rationale, description, and goals of the program at Mountain Home Junior School. Delivery, Management, and AccountabilityRead MoreWhy Psychology Is The Choose Therapy For The Case Essay896 Words   |  4 Pagespsychology: A rich and viable theory for the present and the future† discusss situations that relate to the viability of focusing on theory in three models. 1. Social interest. 2. Situations that involve the practices of superv isors and ethics in the professional world. 3. The research that address birth orders. Kern, R.M., Curlette, W.L. , , , ,2013). The third article â€Å"Working with LGBT individuals: Incorporating positive psychology into training and practice. Psychology Of Sexual OrientationRead MoreToward Intentional Interviewing and Counseling1652 Words   |  7 PagesInterviewing and Counseling INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS THE â€Å"CORRECT† RESPONSE TO OFFER A CLIENT? * There are many potentially useful responses in any interviewing situation. * Reflecting the client’s emotions can be helpful. * Selecting one aspect to focus on can be useful, and then later you can examine other dimensions by asking an open question. * Our tasks: * Respect the client * Use appropriate skills and strategies * Seek to alleviate stress INTERVIEWING, COUNSELING, AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

Dietary Guidelines 7 Nutrition Secrets Every Healthy...

7 Nutrition Secrets Every Healthy Entrepreneur Should Adopt By Nate Anglin | Submitted On March 29, 2013 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Nate Anglin When you hear healthy entrepreneur does it sound like something magical, unattainable by you? Most of us have felt this way, but it s definitely attainable. The only problem is your stuck with this scenario. It s 6am and you re already stressed. You have payroll, marketing, HR and one heck of a sales order to get out by 11:00am. Not to mention your sales meeting at 3:00pm and the dinner with a client at 6:00pm. You get home and your day finally ends at 10:00pm. As business professionals we dive in so deep to our business that we tend to neglect almost everything else, especially our health. We always think about our health last, but shouldn t this be on our daily priority list? I once heard a great saying What s the most important thing in your life? Your life! Without you? You have nothing. What s the hardest thing to do in life? Maintain it. Becoming healthy entrepreneurs isn t some dream. It can be easy and an inch of guidance will bring you a mile of results. Nutrition for entrepreneurs is stillShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use materialRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagespractice. They are not intended to be a comprehensive collection of teaching material. They have been chosen (or speciï ¬ cally written) to provide readers with a core of cases which, together, cover most of the main issues in the text. As such, they should provide a useful backbone to a programme of study b ut could sensibly be supplemented by other material. We have provided a mixture of longer and shorter cases to increase the ï ¬â€šexibility for teachers. Combined with the illustrations and the short caseRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesCHAPTER 1 Changing Nature of Human Resource Management After you have read this chapter, you should be able to: ââ€"  Identify four major HR challenges currently facing organizations and managers. List and define each of the seven major categories of HR activities. Identify the three different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as anRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesConcepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 Resource leveling 7.2 Setting a cost and time baseline schedule (1.3.5) [8.1

Essay on Analysis of Crohns Disease - 1176 Words

Analysis of Crohns Disease An inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by intermittent and recurrent abdominal pain associated with ulceration in bowel function. Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic disorders that cause inflammation or ulceration in the small and large intestines. Most often, inflammatory bowel disease is classified as ulceration colitis or Crohn’s disease but may be referred to as colitis, enteritis, ileitis, or proctitis (Crohns disease-website). Crohn’s disease is characterized by inflammation of segments of the GI tract. The parts of the tract where Crohn’s disease is most often seen are in the terminal ileum, jejunum, and right side of colon. Involvement of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum is†¦show more content†¦Doctors believe however, that there is little proof that Crohns disease is caused by emotional distress or by unhappy childhood (Crohn’s disease-website). Crohn’s disease may occur at any age but occurs most often bet ween the ages of 15 and 40 years. Crohn’s disease tends to run in some families. About 20 percent of people with Crohn’s disease have a blood relative with an inflammatory bowel disease. Crohn’s disease rates appear to run higher in those that smoke. This means an individual who may inherit an inflammatory bowel disease, is more likely to develop Crohn’s disease if they smoke (Satsangi, 1996, p.40). Both sexes are affected with the women as a slightly higher chance. Crohn’s disease occurs more often in Jewish and upper-middle class urban populations (Lewis et al, 1996, p.1231). Symptoms / Complications The principal symptoms of Crohn’s disease are diarrhea and abdominal pain. Other symptoms include abdominal cramping and tenderness (often in lower right area), abdominal distention, fever, fatigue, and rectal bleeding. Bleeding may be serious and persistent, leading to a low red blood cell count or anemia. As the disease progresses, malnutrition, dehydration, electrolyte, imbalances, increased peristalsis, and pain around umbilicus may occur. Another symptom to beShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Nutrition Therapy And Crohn s Disease938 Words   |  4 PagesNutrition Therapy and Crohn’s Disease The Role of Nutrition Therapy in Crohn’s Disease According to the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America, Crohn’s disease (CD) may affect as many as 780,000 Americans1. The exact time of the onset of the disease is unknown, but it often starts between the age of 15 and 35 for both men and woman. Currently, the diagnosis, etiology, treatment, and cure of CD remain undefined. However, recent research suggests that hereditary, genetics, and/or environmentalRead MoreCrohns Disease Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesCrohn’s Disease was named after an American gastroenterologist, Dr. Burrill Bernard Crohn, in 1932. He and his colleagues discovered an abnormal pathogen, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis while studying a related disease, ulcerative colitis, which belongs to a larger group if illnesses called Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The discovery was made while studying the effects of ulcerative colitis in cattle and noticing the similar characteristics in humans. The infections had an abnormal responseRead Mor eVideo Capsule Endoscopy for Identifying Crohn’s Disease Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesIdentifying Crohn’s Disease Crohn’s disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that could occur anywhere from the mouth to the rectum. However, it usually affects the intestines (Longstreth, 2010). Like many illnesses, there is no cure for Crohn’s as the exact cause of it is unknown. There are a number of tests and procedures available that aide in making the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease. Stool cultures and blood work can suggest IBD but may not directly indicate the disease. BariumRead MoreA Comparative Group Of Healthy Controls1148 Words   |  5 Pagesphenotypic information about disease behavior and location. Participants were predominately; male (51.8%) white (86.8%), average age was 44 (SD +/- 15 years of age), and its distribution is shown in Figures 1 and 2, with a disease breakdown of Crohn’s Disease (n= 340, 60.7%) and UC (n= 220, 39.3%) as well as average number of years with IBD diagnosis 16 years (SD +/- 12 years). Statistical Analysis A distribution of age as compared to their PHQ-8 scores was done relative to disease activity (Figures 2 andRead MoreDiscussion Scenario Case Studies Study1131 Words   |  5 Pages5-year-old boy have accompanied their son for his required physical examination before starting kindergarten. His parents are opposed to him receiving any vaccines. In this scenario, the presents present with his 5-year-old for compulsory physical analysis, knowing that the parents dissented to immunization does indicate that the 5-year-old boy never received any immunization since natal which could position the child health at peril. As an advanced nurse practitioner, I would like to find out fromRead MoreInflammatory Bowel Disease and Industrialization Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pages Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing gastrointestinal condition currently affecting a total of about 28 million people worldwide (cite). Although it is not considered a fatal condition, painful and disabling symptoms can have a profound detrimental effect on patients’ quality of life. Current understandings behind the etiology of IBD emphasize genetic predispositions to gastrointestinal immune system imbalances. However, pathophysiological understandings of IBD seem to beRead MoreThe Importance Of Nutrition On Inflammatory Bowel Dise ase1607 Words   |  7 Pages. Lucendo, A. J., De Rezende, L. C. Importance of nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. World Jour of GastroenteroL. 2009. WJG, 15(17), 2081–2088. http://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.2081’ This peer review article highlights the fundamental role that nutrition therapy plays in the clinical management of all patients with CD. The review concentrates specially in correcting macro and micronutrient deficiencies in frequently malnourished patients, focusing on reversing the physiopathological consequencesRead MoreThe Disagreements Over the Health Effects of Probiotics Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pageslead to Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) (NICE, 2011). Many patients are now using probiotics to overcome this issue. A meta-analysis on 8 studies showed that use of probiotics reduced the risk of AAD by 44% and CDAD by 71% (Avadhani, 2011). The mechanisms of probiotics in AAD are firstly inhibiting the growth or binding of pathogens on epithelial cells and also improving the barrier of the intestines (Avadhani, 2011). Another meta-analysis on 34 clinical trials looking solely at AADRead MoreEssay On Ulcerative Colitis1619 Words   |  7 PagesT-CELL RESPONSE: This disease have a TH2 profile, but the concentrations of IL-4 and IL-5, which are normally increased in TH2 responses, have been variable in ulcerative colitis tissues. From studies of the oxazalone colitis model, one of the few models to exhibit a TH2 profile, ulcerative colitis has an atypical TH2 response, mediated by natural killer T cells that secrete IL-13. These natural killer T cells are activated by APCs that express the nonclassical major histocompatibility MHCRead MoreEffects Of Chronic Illness On The Children1772 Words   |  8 Pagesyoung boy, Tom, who was diagnosed with Crohn’s Disease, exemplifies the difficulties that the child and the family face after a chronic illness diagnosis. Keywords: chronic illness, Crohn’s Disease. â€Æ' The Effects of Chronic Childhood Illness Being diagnosed with a chronic illness as a child completely changes the anticipated trajectory of their life, as well as their family’s life. The child who is diagnosed has to learn how to cope with the symptoms of the disease, as well as how to cope with the psychological

Report on Rmg Sector in Bangladesh free essay sample

[pic] [pic] At first we desire to express our deepest sense of gratitude of almighty Allah. With profound regard we gratefully acknowledge our respected course teacher Mr. A. K. Nabil Ahmed for his generous help and day to day suggestion during preparation of the report. He is so much an inspiration and guidance to us that we are, short of words in expression our gratitude. We like to give thanks especially to our friends and many individuals, for their enthusiastic encouragements and helps during the preparation of this report us by sharing ideas regarding this ubject . And finally, thanks to my group members as he serious and prolific towards making this assignment. Once more time to Sir, we owe more than we can mention†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦mostly for teaching us to see the silver lining in every hard work [pic] [pic] [pic] 1. 1 Abstract The ready-made garment (RMG) industry of Bangladesh started in the late 1970s and became a prominent player in the economy within a short Period of time. The industry has contributed to export earnings, foreign exchange earnings, employment creation, poverty alleviation and the mpowerment of women. The export-quota system and the availability of cheap labor are the two main reasons behind the success of the industry. Shirts, T-shirts, trousers, sweaters and jackets are the main products manufactured and exported by the industry. Bangladesh exports its RMG products mainly to the United States of America and the European Union. The Ready Made Garments (RMG) sector plays a pivotal role in the economy of Bangladesh. This sector accounts for approximately 76% of the total export earnings and nearly 10% of GDP. . 2 Introduction Like other 3rd world countries Bangladesh is a developing country. Her economic development depends firstly on Agriculture and secondly on Industry. Although Bangladesh is not developed in industry, it has been enriched in Garment industries in the recent past years. For Bangladesh, the readymade garment export indu stry has been the proverbial goose that lays the golden eggs for over fifteen years now. Traditionally, the jute industry dominated the industrial sector of the country until the 1970s. Since the early 1980s, the RMG industry has emerged as an important player in the economy of the country. In the field of Industrialization garment industry is a promising step. It is making significant contribution in the field of our export income and in the economical development of our country. At present the government of our country earns billions of dollars by exporting ready-made garments products to other countries. We have not achieved this success over night; we have some elements that help us to achieve this success. At present we are competing with our neighboring country; India and China. Though we are earning a handsome amount of profit each year from this sector, the ready-made garment sector is suffering with a lot of problems. We should solve these negative situations by ensuring proper steps [pic]  ¦ Broad objective: To gather knowledge about the overall scenario of Ready-Made Garments (RMG) Sector in Bangladesh.  ¦ Specific objectives: To attain the broad objective following specific objectives were pursued .  ¤To know briefly about economic significant of RMG. To identify what factors are affecting an entrepreneur  ¤ To identify the performance of an entrepreneur. 1. 4 Scope This report is on a wide exporting sector of Bangladesh. So, mainly we have tried to focus on the following factors.  ¤Current scenario of ready-made garment industry.  ¤Reasons for a healthy growth  ¤ Reasons for having comparative advantages in the world market.  ¤ Economical and financial contribut ion of this industry in Bangladeshi economy.  ¤ Beside these, we also brought several foreign benchmarks and statistics for doing the research work in a better way. . 5 Mythology This report has been prepared on the basis of experience gathered through learning annual report. For preparing this report, I have also get information from website of BGMEA, BKMEA Export Promotion Bureau and many Government and non government organization. I have presented my experience and finding by using different tables, which are presented in the analysis part. The details of the work plan are furnished below:  ¦ Relevant data for this report has been collected primarily by direct investigations of different leasing company’s annual report and website. The information and data for this report have been collected from secondary sources. The secondary sources of information are annual reports, websites and different manuals.  ¦ Data collected from secondary sources have been processed manu ally and qualitative approach in general and quantitative approach in some cases has been used throughout the study.  ¦ Qualitative approach has been adopted for data analysis and interpretation taking the processed data as the base. So the report relies primarily on an analytical judgment and critical reasoning. 1. 6 Literature Review Several Organizations have analyzed aspects of the garment industry in Bangladesh. Of thevarious aspects of the industry, the problems and the working conditions of female workers have received the greatest attention. There are several studies including The Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD), study by Debapriya Bhattacharya, Mustafizur Rahman and Ananya Raihan(2002) and International Finance Corporation (2007) study on this topic. Both of these studies use accepted survey and research methodology to analyze a wealth of data on the social and economic background, Contribution of the RMG sector. Professor Muzaffar Ahmad looks at the industrial organization of the sector and discusses robustness and long-term viability of apparel manufacturing in Bangladesh. Wiigton (2000) provides a good overview of this industry,especially the developments in the early years. Nidhi Khosla writes on the women worker in Journal of International Women’s Studies (Vol. 11 #1 November 2009). The Bangladesh Planning Commission under the Trade and Industrial Policy (TIP) project also commissioned several studies on the industry. Hossain and Brar (2004) consider some labor-related issues in the garment industry. Quddus (2006) presents a profile of the apparel sector in Bangladesh and discusses some other aspects of the industry. Quddus (2006) presents results from a survey of apparel entrepreneurs and evaluates the performance of entrepreneurs and their contribution to the success of this industry. Islam and Quddus (2006) present an overall analysis of the industry to evaluate its potential as a catalyst for the development of the rest of the Bangladesh economy. [pic] 2. 1 History: Once upon a time the cloth of Bangladesh achieved worldwide fame. Maslin and Jamdani cloth of our country were used as the luxurious garments of the royal figures in Europe and other countries. The British rulers in India didn’t develop our cloth industries at all. Rather they destroyed them and imported cloths from England. After the emergence of Bangladesh radical change has come to our garment sector. Garment industries started working from the 10s of the late century. 2. 2 An Overview of the Bangladesh Ready-Made Garment Industry: The RMG industry is the only multi-billion-dollar manufacturing and export industry in Bangladesh. Whereas the industry contributed only 0. 001 per cent to the country’s total export earnings in 1976, its share increased to about approximate 80 percent of those earnings in 2010. Bangladesh exported garments worth the equivalent of $12348 Million in 2010, which was about 3. 00 percent of the global total value ($276 billion) of garment exports. The country’s RMG industry grew by more than 15 percent per annum on average during the last 15 years. The foreign exchange earnings and employment generation of the RMG sector have been increasing at double-digit rates from year to year. Some important issues related to the RMG industry of Bangladesh are noted in table 1 Table 1. Important issues related to the Bangladesh ready-made garment industry |Year(s) |Issue | |1977-1980 |Early period of growth. | |1982-1985 |Boom days. |1985 |Imposition of quota restrictions. | |1990s |Knitwear sector developed significantly. | |1993-1995 |Child labor issue and its solution | |2003 |Withdrawal of Canadian quota restriction. | | | |2005 |Phase-out of export-quota system. | Source: Compiled by the author from Quddus and Rashid (2000), Mainuddin (2000) and databases of the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association, and the Export Promotion Bureau, Bangladesh Currently, there are more than 4,000 RMG firms in Bangladesh. More than 95 percent of those firms are locally owned with the exception of a few foreign firms located in export processing zones (Gonzales, 2002). The RMG firms are located mainly in three main cities: the capital city Dhaka, the port city Chittagong and the industrial city Narayangonj. Bangladesh RMG firms vary in size. Based on Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) data, Mainuddin (2000) found that in1997 more than 75 per cent of the firms employed a maximum of 400 employees each. Garment companies in Bangladesh form formal or informal groups. The grouping helps to share manufacturing activities, to diversify risks; horizontal as well as vertical coordination can be easily found in such group activities. Ready-made garments manufactured in Bangladesh are divided mainly into two broad categories: woven and knit products. Shirts, T-shirts and trousers are the main woven products and undergarments, socks, stockings, T-shirts, sweaters and other casual and soft garments are the main knit products. Woven garment products still dominate the garment export earnings of the country. The share of knit garment products has been increasing since the early 1990s; such products currently account for more than 40 percent of the country’s total RMG export earnings (BGMEA website). Although various types of garments are manufactured in the country, only a few categories, such as shirts, T-shirts, trousers, jackets and sweaters, constitute the major production-share (BGMEA website; andante, 2001). Economies of scale for large-scale production and export-quota holdings in the corresponding categories are the principal reasons for such a narrow product concentration. 2. Reason behind the Growth of RMG in Bangladesh: The prime reason why garment industries have come out to be the champion in the field of export is obviously the cheap labor. Women contribute to the working force in these garment factories, as they are relatively cheaper than men. 2. 3. 1 Low cost labor: As Bangladesh is an overpopulated country it is very easy for the garment industries to hire labors at a lower rate. At present the government of our country has announced minimum wage to the garment workers but the industries can still earn a handsome amount of profit by exporting their product. Although it has increase but comparatively it is still low. Source: Ministry of Labor and Employment, Bangladesh. July 26, 2010 |Class |Existing Wage |Announce Wage |Increase in % | |Grade-1 |5,140. 00 |9,300. 00 |80. 93% | |Grade-2 |3,840. 00 |7,200. 00 |87. 0% | |Grade-3 |2,449. 00 |4,120. 00 |68. 23% | |Grade-4 |2,250. 10 |3,763. 00 |67. 24% | |Grade-5 |2,046. 00 |3,455. 00 |68. 87% | |Grade-6 |1,851. 0 |3,210. 00 | 73. 47% | |Grade-7 |1,662. 50 |3,000. 00 |80. 45% | |Apprentice | 1,200. 00 |2,500. 00 | 108. 33% | 2. 3. 2 Export-quota system: The â€Å"export-quota system† in trading garment products played a significant role in the success of the industry. However, that quota system came to an end in 2004. Therefore, the competitiveness issue needs to be addressed, with special attention given to the long-term sustainability of the industry. Unilateral restriction, short-term arrangement (STA), long term arrangement (LTA), Multi-fiber. Arrangement (MFA) and finally the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) are the chronological steps through which the â€Å"export-quota system† was administered until it was finally abolished on 31 December 2004, making worldwide textile and garment trade quota-free. . 3. 3 Easy Communication: It is very easy industries to collect raw materials from other countries and they can easily export their produced goods to the other countries. 2. 3. 4 Government Support: Government is supporting directly and indirectly the industries and monitors their activities so that they can perform properly. Government reduces tariff and supply production factors like electricity and water to them 2. 4 Produ ct Tree Bangladesh exports about 63 items to different apparel markets. Ready-made garments manufactured in Bangladesh are divided mainly into two broad categories: woven and knit products. Shirts, T-shirts and trousers are the main woven products and undergarments, socks, stockings, T-shirts, sweaters and other casual and soft garments are the main knit products. Woven garment products still dominate the garment export earnings of the country. The share of knit garment products has been increasing since the early 1990s; such products currently account for more than 40 per cent of the country’s total RMG export earnings (BGMEA website). Although various types of garments are manufactured in the country, only a few categories, such as shirts, T-shirts, trousers, jackets and sweaters, constitute the major production-share (BGMEA website; and Nath, 2001). It needs to be mentioned here that Bangladesh produces a very limited categories of expensive and fashion oriented garments. Economies of scale for large-scale production and export-quota holdings in the corresponding categories are the principal reasons for such a narrow product concentration. Main apparel items exported from Bangladesh is shown in the tree – diagram drawn below: YEAR |WOVEN |KNIT |TOTAL | | | |SWEATER | | |1995-96 |1948. 81 |598. 32 |2547. 13 | |1996-97 |2237. 5 |763. 3 |3001. 25 | |2004-2005 | 3598. 20 |2819. 47 |6417. 67 | |2005-2006 |4083. 82 |3816. 98 |7900. 8 | |2006-2007 |4657. 63 |4553. |9211. 23 | |2007-2008 |5167. 28 |5532. 52 |10699. 8 | |2008-2009 |5918. 51 |6429. 26 |12347. 77 | 2. 5 Exporting Condition of Garments Industry: The R eady-Made Garments (RMG) industry occupies a unique position in the Bangladesh economy. It is the largest exporting industry in Bangladesh, which experienced phenomenal growth during the last 20 years. By taking advantage of an insulated market under the provision of Multi Fiber Agreement (MFA) of GATT, it attained a high profile in terms of foreign exchange earnings, exports, industrialization and contribution to GDP within a short span of time. The industry plays a key role in employment generation and in the provision of income to the poor. Nearly two million workers are directly and more than ten million inhabitants are indirectly associated with the industry. Over the past twenty years, the number of manufacturing units has grown from 180 to over 3600. The sector has also played a significant role in the socio- economic development of the country. [pic] |YEAR |EXPORT OF RMG |TOTAL EXPORT |% OF RMGS TO | | |(IN MILLION US$) |OF BANGLADESH |TOTAL EXPORT | | |(IN MILLION US$) | | |1983-84 |31. 57 |811. 00 |3. 89 | |1984-85 |116. 2 | 934. 43 | 12. 4 | |2000-01 |4859. 83 |6467. 30 | 75. 14 | |2001-02 |4583. 75 |5986. 09 |76. 57 | |2002-03 |4912. 09 |6548. 44 | 75. 1 | |2003-04 |5686. 09 |7602. 99 |74. 79 | |2004-05 | 6417. 67 | 8654. 52 |74. 15 | |2005-06 |7900. 80 |10526. 16 |75. 6 | |2006-07 |9211. 23 |12177. 86 |75. 64 | |2007-08 |10699. 80 |14110. 80 |75. 83 | |2008-09 |12347. 77 |15565. 9 |79. 33 | 2. 6 Contribution in National Income: When the garment industries 1st started to export, the sector was not paid much attention but the situation has changed and at present it is earning the highest amount of foreign currencies in ou r country. [pic]  ¦ Major Product Export from Bangladesh: |Year |Product |Export |% | | 2 |RMG |12347. 77 |79. 3 | |0 | | | | |0 | | | | |8 | | | | || | | | | |2 | | | | |0 | | | | |0 | | | | |9 | | | | | |Frozen Food |454. 53 |2. 92 | | |Tea |12. 29 |0. 8 | | |Raw Jute |148. 17 |0. 95 | | |Jute Goods |373. 18 |2. 40 | | |Leather |177. 32 |1. 14 | | |Others |1508. 06 |9. 69 | | | | | [pic] [pic] 2. 7. 1 Backward Linkage: Backward linkage means the use by one firm or industry of produced inputs from another firm or industry (Alan V Deardorff 2001) That means the finished garment relies on three steps; first level for converting fibers/cotton toyarns, second step for converting yarns to grey fabrics and the final step for converting gray fabrics to dyed, printed of other finished fabrics. Out of three steps, Bangladesh is only capable of knitting, finishing in knitwear sectors but far behind in producing yarn, fabrics which is a major factor for woven section. Only success came to a ccessories where 80% demand of our country was fulfilled. The success of the government industry very much depends on how effectively RMG sector linkages may operate backward and forward. If the manufacturer has effective control over the supply of raw materials, Components and ancillary services needed to produce final product. Then the production is likely to be interrupted. If the company develops an effective marketing service strategies that provide right signal, and if marketing and distributing system as a whole are effective for having the products reach the target markets, then the sales revenue for the company is likely to be maximized. It means that to minimize cost of production and maximize sales revenues both backward and forward linkages need to be integrated. Here the issue of developing backward linkages is discussed with reference to the desirability of having control over the supply of inputs of RMG industry, mainly, fabric, yarn and processing status (Siddique, 2004). These three steps are integrated into each other as shown in table 1. It shows that these three steps are essential for backward linkage integration (BGMEA, January 2005) Some other problems that the industries face #Some other problems of RMG sector Dependency on different countries for raw materials †¢ Illiterate, unskilled and unsatisfied Workers †¢ Lacking of Resources †¢ Political Instability †¢ Low Working Salary: †¢ Lack in Marketing Tactics †¢ M/C advancement is necessary †¢ Absence of easily on-hand middle management. †¢ Small number of manufacturing methods †¢ Lack of training organizations for industrial workers, supervisors and managers †¢ Fewer process units for textiles and garments †¢ Incompetent ports, entry/exit complicated and loading/unloading takes much time †¢ Time-consuming custom clearance [pic] 3. 1 SWOT Analysis: 3. 1. 1 Strengths 1. The biggest foreign currency earning industry. 2. Ancillary services, fees, commission are more. 3. RMG credit experts are available. 4. Competitors like China doesn’t have vertical integration. 3. 1. 2 Weaknesses 1. Backward Linkage industry is absent. 2. Automation is not cost effective in our country. 3. External raw materials supply. 3. 1. 3 Opportunities 1. Investment in Backward Linkage Industry. 2. Liberalized Globalization will push to improve the quality of the RMG products. 3. Composite plants will get advantage by reducing lead time. 3. 1. 4 Threats 1. WTO agreement 2. Pressure on Compliance issues from consumer groups. 3. Negative image of Bangladesh in the international market for less concern on human and social issues. [pic] 4. 1 Recommendation: Bangladesh economy at present is more globally integrated than at any time in the past. The MFA phase-out will lead to more efficient global realignments of the Garments and Clothing industry. The phase out was expected to have negative impact on the economy of Bangladesh. Recent data reveals that Bangladesh absorbed the shock successfully and indeed RMG exports grew significantly both in FY07 and (especially) in FY08. Due to a number of steps taken by the industry, Bangladesh still remains competitive in RMG exports even in this post phase-out period. Our Garments Industries can improve their position in the world map reducing the overall problems. Such as management labor conflict, proper management policy, efficiency of the manager, maintainable time schedule for the product, proper strategic plan etc. Government also have some responsibility to improve the situation by providing- proper policy to protect the garments industries, solve the license problem, quickly loading facility in the port, providing proper environment for the work, keep the industry free from all kind of political problem and the biasness. Credit must be provided when the industry fall in need. To be an upper position holder in the world Garments Sector there is no way except follow the above recommendations. We hope by maintaining proper management and policy strategies our country will take the top position in future.  ¦ Optimists see opportunities in challenges; pessimists see only challenges in opportunities.  ¦ With MFA phase-out US market for apparels is going expand dramatically as  ¦ uncompetitive US firms are compelled to make their exit. There will be enormous  ¦ opportunities for competitive players to make new breakthroughs in US market.  ¦ Bangladesh’s objective should be to retain the current share of 2. 5% in US market during the first 3 years of phase-out (2005-8). Then enhance the market share to 3% and above. Bangladesh should take the strategy of cautious Optimism [pic]  ¦ http://www. bgmea. com. bd/  ¦ http://www. bkmea. com/  ¦ http://www. epb. gov. bd/  ¦ http://www. bbs. gov. bd/  ¦ http://www. mincom. gov. bd/  ¦ http://w ww. btmadhaka. com/  ¦ http://www. epzbangladesh. org. bd  ¦ http://www. bangladesh-bank. org/  ¦ http://www. bangladeshknitwear. com/  ¦ http://www. nbr-bd. org/  ¦ http://www. fbcci-bd. org/  ¦ http://www. ideas. repec. org/p/pdb/opaper/50. html  ¦ https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg. html  ¦ http://www. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bangladeshi_RMG_Sector Jacket Shirt Trouser Polo shirt Sweater ‘T’ Shirt KNITWEAR WOVEN RMG